The 1940 BFBS Conference on African Languages

The African Languages conference at Bible House, 29 May 1940

Floris Solleveld
University of Bristol

On 28 May 1940, a group of 33 people met at the British and Foreign Bible Society headquarters (‘Bible House’) in London for a conference on African languages. The evacuation at Dunkirk was under way; the sea was full of U-boats; on the morning of the conference, the news arrived of the Belgian capitulation. What better moment to discuss the state of Biblical translation on the African continent? The conference report contrasted the shared sentiment that “lights were going out one by one in Europe” with the “unquenchable optimism” of those present, “a band of men moving towards the sunlight”; the opening speaker called to mind that the BFBS had also been founded at a time when Napoleon was plotting his invasion of England.

The occasion for the conference was to discuss a series of reports by the BFBS secretary for Africa, W.J. Wiseman, and the outcomes of a questionnaire sent out to missionaries and missionary societies (all in BFBS archives, Cambridge University Library: GBR/0374/BFBS/BSA/F2/9/8, marked as ‘confidential’; no outcomes of the conference seem to have been published). Between 1937 and 1939, Wiseman had made two large inspection tours along missionary stations and Bible colporteurs in sub-Saharan Africa and on the larger islands, covering more than 40,000 miles by plane, boat, lorry, and any other means of transport. The purpose of this was to survey the efficacy of Bible translations. While the BFBS mission was to make the Bible available to all people in their own language, in practice the cost and difficulties associated with producing a full translation – printed and shipped from Britain – were proportionally larger for smaller languages, and the reliability of the translations hard to ascertain except in situ. Meanwhile cheap Bibles were being mass-produced in European languages; Wiseman quotes customer complaints that “The price of a small French New Testament in Douala was 2 francs, while a New Testament in the local language (in the same bookshop) was priced 10 francs. The African cannot understand why prices to Europeans are so much lower. We point out that the books are smaller; then he, too, wants a smaller book.”

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Posted in 20th century, Article, History, Missionary Linguistics

Recent publications in the history and philosophy of the language sciences – December 2023

Garrett, Andrew. 2023. The Unnaming of Kroeber Hall. Language, Memory, and Indigenous California. Cambridge: MIT Press. 472 p. ISBN 9780262547093
Publisher’s website

In January 2021, at a time when many institutions were reevaluating fraught histories, the University of California removed anthropologist and linguist Alfred Kroeber’s name from a building on its Berkeley campus. Critics accused Kroeber of racist and dehumanizing practices that harmed Indigenous people; university leaders repudiated his values. In The Unnaming of Kroeber Hall, Andrew Garrett examines Kroeber’s work in the early twentieth century and his legacy today, asking how a vigorous opponent of racism and advocate for Indigenous rights in his own era became a symbol of his university’s failed relationships with Native communities. Garrett argues that Kroeber’s most important work has been overlooked: his collaborations with Indigenous people throughout California to record their languages and stories.
The Unnaming of Kroeber Hall offers new perspectives on the early practice of anthropology and linguistics and on its significance today and in the future. Kroeber’s documentation was broader and more collaborative and multifaceted than is usually recognized. As a result, the records Indigenous people created while working with him are relevant throughout California as communities revive languages, names, songs, and stories. Garrett asks readers to consider these legacies, arguing that the University of California chose to reject critical self-examination when it unnamed Kroeber Hall.

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Posted in Publications

Cfp: “Legacy materials as data sources for language description and documentation”

Workshop
“Legacy materials as data sources for language description and documentation”
Paris, Université Paris Cité
April 11-12th, 2024

This workshop, to be held on April 11th and 12th 2024 in Paris, will bring together descriptive linguists who engage with legacy materials on their language (or language group) of specialization. The workshop will be co-hosted by the Histoire des thĂ©ories linguistiques research group and the Cambridge Endangered Languages and Cultures Group and thus provide opportunities for exchange between historians of linguistics, field linguists and linguists working with endangered languages.

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Posted in Conferences and workshops

Podcast housekeeping December 2023

History of Modern Linguistics cover

In this brief audio clip, we provide an update on what’s been happening with the podcast – and what’s coming up.

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Posted in Podcast

Recent publications in the history and philosophy of the language sciences – November 2023

Tourette, Eric, ed. 2023. Les idées linguistiques des moralistes. Paris: Honoré Champion (Moralia). 200 p. ISBN 9782745360120
Publisher’s website

Observer comment vivent les hommes implique d’observer comment ils parlent : il Ă©tait sans doute inĂ©vitable que l’analyse morale se tournĂąt vers les questions linguistiques. Les moralistes ne sont-ils pas confrontĂ©s Ă  l’usage, au mĂȘme titre que les grammairiens ? Et les uns comme les autres ne posent-ils pas fatalement la question de la lĂ©gitimitĂ© des normes ? De fait, il suffit de parcourir les Ɠuvres respectives de Pascal, de La BruyĂšre, de La Rochefoucauld et de beaucoup d’autres moralistes pour constater Ă  quel degrĂ© la question du langage les prĂ©occupe : un langage qui s’avĂšre souvent malmenĂ© ou perverti, oĂč les mots ne signifient plus ce qu’ils sont censĂ©s signifier, oĂč la communication se fait difficile. Ce n’est pas un hasard si l’abbĂ© de Bellegarde imite avec le mĂȘme naturel, au mĂȘme moment, les remarques respectives de La BruyĂšre et de Vaugelas : c’est que du « remarqueur » au moraliste les affinitĂ©s sont nombreuses, comme le goĂ»t des monstres, l’éclatement de la parole, le refus de lĂ©gifĂ©rer
 Le colloque dont le prĂ©sent volume rĂ©unit les actes Ă©tait donc l’occasion de nouer un dialogue entre spĂ©cialistes de littĂ©rature et spĂ©cialistes de linguistique. Ainsi apparut une vraie rĂ©ciprocitĂ© des prĂ©occupations pour les auteurs Ă©tudiĂ©s : si les moralistes au sens strict empiĂštent manifestement sur le terrain des grammairiens et des rhĂ©teurs, en retour ces derniers abordent rĂ©guliĂšrement de pures questions de morale.

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Posted in Publications

Recent publications in the history and philosophy of the language sciences – October 2023

Dagostino, Carmen, Marianne Mithun & Keren Rice. 2023. The Languages and Linguistics of Indigenous North America: A Comprehensive Guide, Vol 1. Berlin & Boston: De Gruyter Mouton. 767 p. ISBN 9783110597981.
Publisher’s website

This handbook provides broad coverage of the languages indigenous to North America, with special focus on typologically interesting features and areal characteristics, surveys of current work, and topics of particular importance to communities. The volume is divided into two major parts: subfields of linguistics and family sketches. The subfields include those that are customarily addressed in discussions of North American languages (sounds and sound structure, words, sentences), as well as many that have received somewhat less attention until recently (tone, prosody, sociolinguistic variation, directives, information structure, discourse, meaning, language over space and time, conversation structure, evidentiality, pragmatics, verbal art, first and second language acquisition, archives, evolving notions of fieldwork). Family sketches cover major language families and isolates and highlight topics of special value to communities engaged in work on language maintenance, documentation, and revitalization.

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Posted in Publications

Review of: Cassiodorus. Institutiones humanarum litterarum. Textus Ί Î”.

Review of
Morresi, Ilaria, ed. 2022. Cassiodorus. Institutiones humanarum litterarum. Textus Ω Δ. Turnhout: Brepols (Corpus Christianorum. Series Latina, 99A). 512 p. ISBN 978-2-503-59589-4.
Publisher’s website

Anne Grondeux
Université Paris Cité and Université Sorbonne Nouvelle, CNRS,
Laboratoire d’histoire des thĂ©ories linguistiques, F-75013 Paris, France

The Institutiones by Cassiodorus († c. 580) is a major work for the diffusion of knowledge in the medieval West (on Cassiodorus, one can learn much from the excellent chapter by MaĂŻeul Cappuyns in Baudrillard 1949, and from the noteworthy synthesis by James O’Donnell 1979). This work circulated in several versions, one of which was authentic, i.e. in the form intended by Cassiodorus himself (tradition Ω, grouping together the Divine Institutions, Book I, and the Secular Institutions, Book II), the other two being interpolated, Ί and Δ, which only convey Book II. What justifies the new edition of the Ί and Δ versions by Ilaria Morresi (henceforth IM) is the fact that these texts, whose enrichments met the expectations of Carolingian scholars (p. 146*), were distributed incomparably more widely than the authentic version, preserved in nine manuscripts (compared with around sixty for Book I when it circulated alone, twelve for the Ί witnesses, and twenty-three for the Δ). The history of the Institutiones is well known since the work of Pierre Courcelle, who showed that the divergences of Ί and Δ from Ω could be explained by the fact that these texts went back to a state prior to Ω, the famous draft described in his 1942 article, “Histoire d’un brouillon cassiodorien”. This intuition was made possible by the excellent edition by Roger A.B. Mynors published in 1937, who, having identified the three traditions, produced the edition of the authentic form Ω, on the basis of the three ancient manuscripts B (Bamberg, Staatbibl. Patr. 61), U (Vatican, BAV, Urb. Lat. 67), M (Paris, Bibl. Mazarine, 660), while giving access to the other two, Ί and Δ. Since then, research on Cassiodorus and the various versions of the text has continued to develop (see in particular Holtz 1984). The article by Ilaria Morresi 2018, from which we borrow the family tree on page 217, is also worth consulting:

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Posted in Review

Podcast episode 36: Interview with Ghil‘ad Zuckermann on revivalistics

Language revivalists

In this interview, we talk to Ghil‘ad Zuckermann about language reclamation and revival in Australia and around the world.

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Posted in Podcast

Recent publications in the history and philosophy of the language sciences – September 2023

Savatovsky, Dan, Mariangela Albano, Thi Kieu Ly Pham & Valérie Spaëth, ed. 2023. Language Learning and Teaching in Missionary and Colonial Contexts. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press. 496 p. ISBN 9789463728249
Publisher’s website

This volume assembles texts dedicated to the linguistic and educational aspects of missionary and colonial enterprises, taking into account all continents and with an extended diachronic perspective (15th–20th centuries). Strictly speaking, this “linguistics” is contemporary to the colonial era, so it is primarily the work of missionaries of Catholic orders and Protestant societies. It can also belong to a retrospective outlook, following decolonization. In the first category, one mostly finds transcription, translation, and grammatization practices (typically, the production of dictionaries and grammar books). In the second category, one finds in addition descriptions of language use, of situations of diglossia, and of contact between languages. Within this framework, the volume focuses on educational and linguistic policies, language teaching and learning, and the didactics that were associated with them.

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Posted in Publications

Intentionality in phenomenology and speech act theory

Els Elffers

1. Introduction

Phenomenology covers a large area, and the same is true of speech act theory. Here I will focus on one point of contact between them, namely intentionality. Intentionality is a key concept in phenomenology and it also figures in speech act theory as developed by philosophers such as John Searle (b. 1932) and Paul Grice (1913–1988).

What is intentionality? The Oxford English Dictionary says: “Intentionality is the distinguishing property of mental phenomena of being necessarily directed upon an object, whether real or imaginary“.

This meaning applies to intentionality as presented in the work of the man who introduced the concept in the late 19th-century, the philosopher Franz Brentano (1838–1917). He borrowed the term from mediaeval philosophy and reintroduced it by making it the central concept of his new psychology. According to Brentano, mental life consists of acts, such as perceiving, thinking and feeling. These acts are called intentional, because they cannot occur without an object to which they are directed. You cannot perceive without perceiving something, you cannot think without thinking something, etc. Brentano considered intentionality as exclusively belonging to mental phenomena; in physical phenomena it is entirely absent.

The concept was developed further, in the first place by Brentano’s pupils Anton Marty (1847–1914) and Edmund Husserl (1859–1938), who made it a key notion of phenomenological philosophy and psychology. Others adopted the concept and elaborated it in various ways.

During this process, the idea of directedness acquired two more specific meanings; first aboutness: intentional acts are directed to a content, namely objects and states of affairs; second goal-directedness: intentional acts are essentially purposive (this is also the modern non-philosophical meaning of the word “intentionality”). This diversification came about through a gliding scale from intentional as ‘relating to’ via ‘referring to’ to ‘directed to’. Van Baaren formulates this development in the following way:

To the [‘aboutness’, E.E.] use of the term a second meaning was added, the meaning ‘goal-directedness’. According to this meaning, an action can be intentional or not. According to Brentano, a mental phenomenon or act has always an intentional object, its content. In this sense, acts are always intentional. There is a sliding semantic scale of ‘relation to’, via ‘referring to’ to ‘being directed to’. It is unclear whether Brentano tried to make use of this ambiguity. (Van Baaren 1996: 144, transl. E.E.)

Both varieties of intentionality were, in one way or other, incorporated into philosophy of language: ‘aboutness’ – intentionality mainly in logical semantics, goal-directed-intentionality mainly in speech act theory.

Only goal-directed intentionality, and especially its philosophical-linguistic implications, is my present focus. I will argue, first, that it is no coincidence that Husserl’s pupil Adolf Reinach (1883–1917), a renowned phenomenologist, was the first to develop a fully-fledged speech-act theory during the first decades of the 20th century. Second, I will show that Searle’s speech act theory only partially benefits from its appeal to goal-directed intentionality.

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Posted in 19th century, 20th century, Article, Linguistics, Phenomenology, Philosophy, Pragmatics

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