Review of: Cassiodorus. Institutiones humanarum litterarum. Textus Ί Î”.

Review of
Morresi, Ilaria, ed. 2022. Cassiodorus. Institutiones humanarum litterarum. Textus Ω Δ. Turnhout: Brepols (Corpus Christianorum. Series Latina, 99A). 512 p. ISBN 978-2-503-59589-4.
Publisher’s website

Anne Grondeux
Université Paris Cité and Université Sorbonne Nouvelle, CNRS,
Laboratoire d’histoire des thĂ©ories linguistiques, F-75013 Paris, France

The Institutiones by Cassiodorus († c. 580) is a major work for the diffusion of knowledge in the medieval West (on Cassiodorus, one can learn much from the excellent chapter by MaĂŻeul Cappuyns in Baudrillard 1949, and from the noteworthy synthesis by James O’Donnell 1979). This work circulated in several versions, one of which was authentic, i.e. in the form intended by Cassiodorus himself (tradition Ω, grouping together the Divine Institutions, Book I, and the Secular Institutions, Book II), the other two being interpolated, Ί and Δ, which only convey Book II. What justifies the new edition of the Ί and Δ versions by Ilaria Morresi (henceforth IM) is the fact that these texts, whose enrichments met the expectations of Carolingian scholars (p. 146*), were distributed incomparably more widely than the authentic version, preserved in nine manuscripts (compared with around sixty for Book I when it circulated alone, twelve for the Ί witnesses, and twenty-three for the Δ). The history of the Institutiones is well known since the work of Pierre Courcelle, who showed that the divergences of Ί and Δ from Ω could be explained by the fact that these texts went back to a state prior to Ω, the famous draft described in his 1942 article, “Histoire d’un brouillon cassiodorien”. This intuition was made possible by the excellent edition by Roger A.B. Mynors published in 1937, who, having identified the three traditions, produced the edition of the authentic form Ω, on the basis of the three ancient manuscripts B (Bamberg, Staatbibl. Patr. 61), U (Vatican, BAV, Urb. Lat. 67), M (Paris, Bibl. Mazarine, 660), while giving access to the other two, Ί and Δ. Since then, research on Cassiodorus and the various versions of the text has continued to develop (see in particular Holtz 1984). The article by Ilaria Morresi 2018, from which we borrow the family tree on page 217, is also worth consulting:

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Posted in Review

Podcast episode 36: Interview with Ghil‘ad Zuckermann on revivalistics

Language revivalists

In this interview, we talk to Ghil‘ad Zuckermann about language reclamation and revival in Australia and around the world.

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Posted in Podcast

Recent publications in the history and philosophy of the language sciences – September 2023

Savatovsky, Dan, Mariangela Albano, Thi Kieu Ly Pham & Valérie Spaëth, ed. 2023. Language Learning and Teaching in Missionary and Colonial Contexts. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press. 496 p. ISBN 9789463728249
Publisher’s website

This volume assembles texts dedicated to the linguistic and educational aspects of missionary and colonial enterprises, taking into account all continents and with an extended diachronic perspective (15th–20th centuries). Strictly speaking, this “linguistics” is contemporary to the colonial era, so it is primarily the work of missionaries of Catholic orders and Protestant societies. It can also belong to a retrospective outlook, following decolonization. In the first category, one mostly finds transcription, translation, and grammatization practices (typically, the production of dictionaries and grammar books). In the second category, one finds in addition descriptions of language use, of situations of diglossia, and of contact between languages. Within this framework, the volume focuses on educational and linguistic policies, language teaching and learning, and the didactics that were associated with them.

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Posted in Publications

Intentionality in phenomenology and speech act theory

Els Elffers

1. Introduction

Phenomenology covers a large area, and the same is true of speech act theory. Here I will focus on one point of contact between them, namely intentionality. Intentionality is a key concept in phenomenology and it also figures in speech act theory as developed by philosophers such as John Searle (b. 1932) and Paul Grice (1913–1988).

What is intentionality? The Oxford English Dictionary says: “Intentionality is the distinguishing property of mental phenomena of being necessarily directed upon an object, whether real or imaginary“.

This meaning applies to intentionality as presented in the work of the man who introduced the concept in the late 19th-century, the philosopher Franz Brentano (1838–1917). He borrowed the term from mediaeval philosophy and reintroduced it by making it the central concept of his new psychology. According to Brentano, mental life consists of acts, such as perceiving, thinking and feeling. These acts are called intentional, because they cannot occur without an object to which they are directed. You cannot perceive without perceiving something, you cannot think without thinking something, etc. Brentano considered intentionality as exclusively belonging to mental phenomena; in physical phenomena it is entirely absent.

The concept was developed further, in the first place by Brentano’s pupils Anton Marty (1847–1914) and Edmund Husserl (1859–1938), who made it a key notion of phenomenological philosophy and psychology. Others adopted the concept and elaborated it in various ways.

During this process, the idea of directedness acquired two more specific meanings; first aboutness: intentional acts are directed to a content, namely objects and states of affairs; second goal-directedness: intentional acts are essentially purposive (this is also the modern non-philosophical meaning of the word “intentionality”). This diversification came about through a gliding scale from intentional as ‘relating to’ via ‘referring to’ to ‘directed to’. Van Baaren formulates this development in the following way:

To the [‘aboutness’, E.E.] use of the term a second meaning was added, the meaning ‘goal-directedness’. According to this meaning, an action can be intentional or not. According to Brentano, a mental phenomenon or act has always an intentional object, its content. In this sense, acts are always intentional. There is a sliding semantic scale of ‘relation to’, via ‘referring to’ to ‘being directed to’. It is unclear whether Brentano tried to make use of this ambiguity. (Van Baaren 1996: 144, transl. E.E.)

Both varieties of intentionality were, in one way or other, incorporated into philosophy of language: ‘aboutness’ – intentionality mainly in logical semantics, goal-directed-intentionality mainly in speech act theory.

Only goal-directed intentionality, and especially its philosophical-linguistic implications, is my present focus. I will argue, first, that it is no coincidence that Husserl’s pupil Adolf Reinach (1883–1917), a renowned phenomenologist, was the first to develop a fully-fledged speech-act theory during the first decades of the 20th century. Second, I will show that Searle’s speech act theory only partially benefits from its appeal to goal-directed intentionality.

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Posted in 19th century, 20th century, Article, Linguistics, Phenomenology, Philosophy, Pragmatics

Invitation to CHSTM online working group History of the Language Sciences

Online working group: History of the Language Sciences
Conveners: Judith Kaplan (CHSTM), Floris Solleveld (University of Bristol)

Hosted by the Consortium for History of Science, Technology, and Medicine 
Monthly meetings: Tuesday 12 Sep, 10 Oct, 14 Nov, 12 Dec, 9 Jan, 13 Feb, 12 Mar, 14 May

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Posted in Announcements, Conferences and workshops

Recent publications in the history and philosophy of the language sciences – August 2023

Waugh, Linda R., Monique Monville-Burston, John E. Joseph, ed. 2023. The Cambridge History of Linguistics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 900 p. ISBN 9780511842788. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9780511842788
Publisher’s website

The establishment of language as a focus of study took place over many centuries, and reflection on its nature emerged in relation to very different social and cultural practices. Written by a team of leading scholars, this volume provides an authoritative, chronological account of the history of the study of language from ancient times to the end of the 20th century (i.e., ‘recent history’, when modern linguistics greatly expanded). Comprised of 29 chapters, it is split into 3 parts, each with an introduction covering the larger context of interest in language, especially the different philosophical, religious, and/or political concerns and socio-cultural practices of the times. At the end of the volume, there is a combined list of all references cited and a comprehensive index of topics, languages, major figures, etc. Comprehensive in its scope, it is an essential reference for researchers, teachers and students alike in linguistics and related disciplines.

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Posted in Publications

Podcast episode 35: Interview with Nick Thieberger on historical documentation and archiving

Apu Kalsarap Nemaf and Ati Limaas Kalsarap reading a dictionary of their language. Erakor village, Vanuatu, 2001.

In this interview, we talk to Nick Thieberger about the value of historical documentation for linguistic research, and how this documentation can be preserved and made accessible today and in the future in digital form.

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Posted in Podcast

Recent publications in the history and philosophy of the language sciences – July 2023

Laplantine, ChloĂ©, John E. Joseph & Émilie Aussant, ed. 2023. SimplicitĂ© et complexitĂ© des langues dans l’histoire des thĂ©ories linguistiques. Paris: SHESL (HEL Livres, 3). 486 p. ISBN 979-10-91587-21-1. DOI : 10.5281/zenodo.8098638
Publisher’s website
Book in Open access

« Toutes les langues et toutes les cultures sont Ă©galement complexes ! ». Cette position a Ă©tĂ©, Ă  travers le XXe siĂšcle, la rĂ©plique des linguistes et des ethnologues aux thĂ©ories jugĂ©es intenables de leurs prĂ©dĂ©cesseurs, qui avaient produit des classifications hiĂ©rarchisantes de l’humanitĂ© et des langues. AprĂšs une pĂ©riode d’interdit scientifique, des mesures de complexitĂ© linguistique, non suspectes de propager des idĂ©es racistes ont Ă©tĂ© de nouveau proposĂ©es
Les contributions rassemblĂ©es dans ce volume abordent les reprĂ©sentations de la simplicitĂ© / complexitĂ© linguistique dans le temps long d’une histoire des idĂ©es et rendent compte d’une diversitĂ© de perspectives. On est ainsi amenĂ© Ă  suivre les raisonnements des grammairiens et des thĂ©oriciens du langage de l’AntiquitĂ© jusqu’à la pĂ©riode contemporaine, en parcourant des thĂšmes tels l’ordre naturel, la naĂŻvetĂ©, l’abondance, etc. Des motivations thĂ©ologiques, idĂ©ologiques, pĂ©dagogiques, des critiques sociales apparaissent comme les soubassements des Ă©valuations de simplicitĂ© ou de complexitĂ© linguistiques et des hiĂ©rarchisations. Des modĂšles de thĂ©ories biologiques, psychologiques, philosophiques semblent encore avoir servi d’appui Ă  la formulation de ces Ă©valuations.

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Posted in Publications

Podcast episode 34: Interview with Mary Laughren on Central Australia languages and Ken Hale

Ken Hale and Mick Connell Jupurrula, 1966–67

In this episode, we talk to Mary Laughren about research into the languages of Central Australia in the mid-twentieth century, with a focus on the contributions of American linguist Ken Hale.

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Posted in Podcast

Recent publications in the history and philosophy of the language sciences – June 2023

Most, Glenn W., Dagmar SchÀfer & MÄrten Söderblom Saarela, ed. 2023. Plurilingualism in Traditional Eurasian Scholarship. Thinking in Many Tongues. Leiden: Brill. (Ancient Languages and Civilizations, 3). xvi, 484 p. ISBN 978-90-04-46466-7
Publisher’s website
Book in open access

Was plurilingualism the exception or the norm in traditional Eurasian scholarship? This volume presents a selection of primary sources—in many cases translated into English for the first time—with introductions that provide fascinating historical materials for challenging notions of the ways in which traditional Eurasian scholars dealt with plurilingualism and monolingualism. Comparative in approach, global in scope, and historical in orientation, it engages with the growing discussion of plurilingualism and focuses on fundamental scholarly practices in various premodern and early modern societies—Chinese, Indian, Mesopotamian, Jewish, Islamic, Ancient Greek, and Roman—asking how these were conceived by the agents themselves. The volume will be an indispensable resource for courses on these subjects and on the history of scholarship and reflection on language throughout the world.

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Posted in Publications, Uncategorized

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History of terminology – Diachronic terminology The emergence of a terminological conscienceness


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