In this interview, we talk to Ghilâad Zuckermann about language reclamation and revival in Australia and around the world.
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In this interview, we talk to Ghilâad Zuckermann about language reclamation and revival in Australia and around the world.
Read more ›Savatovsky, Dan, Mariangela Albano, Thi Kieu Ly Pham & ValĂ©rie SpaĂ«th, ed. 2023. Language Learning and Teaching in Missionary and Colonial Contexts. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press. 496 p. ISBN 9789463728249
Publisher’s website
This volume assembles texts dedicated to the linguistic and educational aspects of missionary and colonial enterprises, taking into account all continents and with an extended diachronic perspective (15thâ20th centuries). Strictly speaking, this âlinguisticsâ is contemporary to the colonial era, so it is primarily the work of missionaries of Catholic orders and Protestant societies. It can also belong to a retrospective outlook, following decolonization. In the first category, one mostly finds transcription, translation, and grammatization practices (typically, the production of dictionaries and grammar books). In the second category, one finds in addition descriptions of language use, of situations of diglossia, and of contact between languages. Within this framework, the volume focuses on educational and linguistic policies, language teaching and learning, and the didactics that were associated with them.
Read more ›Els Elffers
1. Introduction
Phenomenology covers a large area, and the same is true of speech act theory. Here I will focus on one point of contact between them, namely intentionality. Intentionality is a key concept in phenomenology and it also figures in speech act theory as developed by philosophers such as John Searle (b. 1932) and Paul Grice (1913â1988).
What is intentionality? The Oxford English Dictionary says: âIntentionality is the distinguishing property of mental phenomena of being necessarily directed upon an object, whether real or imaginaryâ.
This meaning applies to intentionality as presented in the work of the man who introduced the concept in the late 19th-century, the philosopher Franz Brentano (1838â1917). He borrowed the term from mediaeval philosophy and reintroduced it by making it the central concept of his new psychology. According to Brentano, mental life consists of acts, such as perceiving, thinking and feeling. These acts are called intentional, because they cannot occur without an object to which they are directed. You cannot perceive without perceiving something, you cannot think without thinking something, etc. Brentano considered intentionality as exclusively belonging to mental phenomena; in physical phenomena it is entirely absent.
The concept was developed further, in the first place by Brentanoâs pupils Anton Marty (1847â1914) and Edmund Husserl (1859â1938), who made it a key notion of phenomenological philosophy and psychology. Others adopted the concept and elaborated it in various ways.
During this process, the idea of directedness acquired two more specific meanings; first aboutness: intentional acts are directed to a content, namely objects and states of affairs; second goal-directedness: intentional acts are essentially purposive (this is also the modern non-philosophical meaning of the word âintentionalityâ). This diversification came about through a gliding scale from intentional as ârelating toâ via âreferring toâ to âdirected toâ. Van Baaren formulates this development in the following way:
To the [âaboutnessâ, E.E.] use of the term a second meaning was added, the meaning âgoal-directednessâ. According to this meaning, an action can be intentional or not. According to Brentano, a mental phenomenon or act has always an intentional object, its content. In this sense, acts are always intentional. There is a sliding semantic scale of ârelation toâ, via âreferring toâ to âbeing directed toâ. It is unclear whether Brentano tried to make use of this ambiguity. (Van Baaren 1996: 144, transl. E.E.)
Both varieties of intentionality were, in one way or other, incorporated into philosophy of language: âaboutnessâ â intentionality mainly in logical semantics, goal-directed-intentionality mainly in speech act theory.
Only goal-directed intentionality, and especially its philosophical-linguistic implications, is my present focus. I will argue, first, that it is no coincidence that Husserlâs pupil Adolf Reinach (1883â1917), a renowned phenomenologist, was the first to develop a fully-fledged speech-act theory during the first decades of the 20th century. Second, I will show that Searleâs speech act theory only partially benefits from its appeal to goal-directed intentionality.
Read more ›Online working group: History of the Language Sciences
Conveners: Judith Kaplan (CHSTM), Floris Solleveld (University of Bristol)
Hosted by the Consortium for History of Science, Technology, and MedicineÂ
Monthly meetings: Tuesday 12 Sep, 10 Oct, 14 Nov, 12 Dec, 9 Jan, 13 Feb, 12 Mar, 14 May
Waugh, Linda R., Monique Monville-Burston, John E. Joseph, ed. 2023. The Cambridge History of Linguistics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 900 p. ISBN 9780511842788. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9780511842788
Publisher’s website
The establishment of language as a focus of study took place over many centuries, and reflection on its nature emerged in relation to very different social and cultural practices. Written by a team of leading scholars, this volume provides an authoritative, chronological account of the history of the study of language from ancient times to the end of the 20th century (i.e., ‘recent history’, when modern linguistics greatly expanded). Comprised of 29 chapters, it is split into 3 parts, each with an introduction covering the larger context of interest in language, especially the different philosophical, religious, and/or political concerns and socio-cultural practices of the times. At the end of the volume, there is a combined list of all references cited and a comprehensive index of topics, languages, major figures, etc. Comprehensive in its scope, it is an essential reference for researchers, teachers and students alike in linguistics and related disciplines.
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In this interview, we talk to Nick Thieberger about the value of historical documentation for linguistic research, and how this documentation can be preserved and made accessible today and in the future in digital form.
Read more ›Laplantine, ChloĂ©, John E. Joseph & Ămilie Aussant, ed. 2023. SimplicitĂ© et complexitĂ© des langues dans lâhistoire des thĂ©ories linguistiques. Paris: SHESL (HEL Livres, 3). 486 p. ISBN 979-10-91587-21-1. DOI : 10.5281/zenodo.8098638
Publisher’s website
Book in Open access
« Toutes les langues et toutes les cultures sont Ă©galement complexes ! ». Cette position a Ă©tĂ©, Ă travers le XXe siĂšcle, la rĂ©plique des linguistes et des ethnologues aux thĂ©ories jugĂ©es intenables de leurs prĂ©dĂ©cesseurs, qui avaient produit des classifications hiĂ©rarchisantes de lâhumanitĂ© et des langues. AprĂšs une pĂ©riode dâinterdit scientifique, des mesures de complexitĂ© linguistique, non suspectes de propager des idĂ©es racistes ont Ă©tĂ© de nouveau proposĂ©es
Les contributions rassemblĂ©es dans ce volume abordent les reprĂ©sentations de la simplicitĂ© / complexitĂ© linguistique dans le temps long dâune histoire des idĂ©es et rendent compte dâune diversitĂ© de perspectives. On est ainsi amenĂ© Ă suivre les raisonnements des grammairiens et des thĂ©oriciens du langage de lâAntiquitĂ© jusquâĂ la pĂ©riode contemporaine, en parcourant des thĂšmes tels lâordre naturel, la naĂŻvetĂ©, lâabondance, etc. Des motivations thĂ©ologiques, idĂ©ologiques, pĂ©dagogiques, des critiques sociales apparaissent comme les soubassements des Ă©valuations de simplicitĂ© ou de complexitĂ© linguistiques et des hiĂ©rarchisations. Des modĂšles de thĂ©ories biologiques, psychologiques, philosophiques semblent encore avoir servi dâappui Ă la formulation de ces Ă©valuations.
In this episode, we talk to Mary Laughren about research into the languages of Central Australia in the mid-twentieth century, with a focus on the contributions of American linguist Ken Hale.
Read more ›Most, Glenn W., Dagmar SchĂ€fer & MĂ„rten Söderblom Saarela, ed. 2023. Plurilingualism in Traditional Eurasian Scholarship. Thinking in Many Tongues. Leiden: Brill. (Ancient Languages and Civilizations, 3). xvi, 484 p. ISBN 978-90-04-46466-7
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Book in open access
Was plurilingualism the exception or the norm in traditional Eurasian scholarship? This volume presents a selection of primary sourcesâin many cases translated into English for the first timeâwith introductions that provide fascinating historical materials for challenging notions of the ways in which traditional Eurasian scholars dealt with plurilingualism and monolingualism. Comparative in approach, global in scope, and historical in orientation, it engages with the growing discussion of plurilingualism and focuses on fundamental scholarly practices in various premodern and early modern societiesâChinese, Indian, Mesopotamian, Jewish, Islamic, Ancient Greek, and Romanâasking how these were conceived by the agents themselves. The volume will be an indispensable resource for courses on these subjects and on the history of scholarship and reflection on language throughout the world.
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In this episode, we examine the formalist aspects of the linguistic work of Edward Sapir and Leonard Bloomfield, and see how their methods were turned into the doctrines of distributionalism by the following generation.
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